Africa

This accomplishment was done due to their situating in Africa which gave them better exchange systems. More, the Gush broke for Egyptians and moved to More in 590 BCC. They experienced a few hundred years off of cultivating, iron, mining and exchanging. Oromo, The Oromo individuals invested part of energy searching for better land to settle. At long last they vanquished land controlled by the Gaze and Solomon, they turned out to be well off contingent upon exchange of espresso. Incredible Zanzibar, The amalgamation of the Bantu helped Great Zanzibar. Alongside different urban areas they flourished by sending products to theIndian cost. The individuals of Zanzibar depended on exchanging as well as steers crowding, and horticulture. Test Oromo More Great Zanzibar Social First: lord Second Nobles, officers Third: residents Last: slaves Gad framework, which helped all residents First: ruler or sovereign Second: cleric, warriors Third: Merchants, Artisans, Farmers. Last Enslaved individua ls. Strict and wedding someone In an alternate class was not enjoyed. Monetary exchanged Ivory, outlandish creature skins, gold and more with different nations Mainly agribusiness of a few yields Paid assessments yearly to the lord. Anomy dependent on cows farming, crop development, and the exchange of gold political Used their picked up power from exchanging to keep a concentrated state and their kin firmly controlled. Stray government created by residents, we don't have the foggiest idea when the framework rose. Unique in relation to Egypt. Political opportunity Some political issues was the Racial gap and monetary intrigue. Strict relatives of the Hebrews, and embraced Christianity There are three fundamental religions in Oromo, Roomier, (their customary religion), Islam and Christianity.Greatly impacted by Egyptians , yet in addition presented their own Gods, most significant Epidermal, a lion God A firm monotheistic confidence. Milestones or Monuments More; Pyramids of Sudan= s ituated in the North-East of Sudan close to the banks of the Nile, right around 200 pyramids in a generally little territory. Test; Stella= worked for a strict reason. Probably a burial service landmark Horn of Africa= landmass in the East of Africa National Monument= around 30 km from Amassing Summary Exam, a blend of Arabs and Africans who settled in the Red Sea Exam became fail ground-breaking in any event, being the wealthiest of the realms in the first century.This vanquished land administered by the Gaze and Solenoids, they turned out to be exceptionally rich relying upon exchange of espresso. Extraordinary Zanzibar, The relocation of the Bantu helped Images Historic Importance All four urban areas are so significant for what they have from before. What they left us with, similar to the Exam with the Stella. â€Å"An elderly person or elderly amazing like losing a library. † Learning how our progenitors endure and cooperated is imperative to always remember. Visiting th is spots is something you will always remember and never lament.

Moby Dick: Chapter 58 Essay

It is in human instinct to hold in hatred and dread things obscure to them, then again numerous individuals hold the quest for information as the one genuine way to satisfaction throughout everyday life. The risks of the quest for information are a basic theme in Ishmael’s conversation of brit. Ishmael portrays the ocean as cryptic and massively more risky than the land; in doing so uncovers how endeavoring to consider the obscure in the quest for information is definitely more perilous than staying uninformed. In Ishmael’s conversation about brit he rapidly floats beside the point of the real brit and starts to make examinations between the land and the ocean. He expresses that even â€Å"though some old naturalists have kept up that all animals if the land are of kind in the sea†(Melville 272), he presently can't seem to perceive any animals of the ocean that have a similar appeal and generosity as trained pets. He uncovers the intrinsic absence of benevolence or hospitability in maritime animals by offering this expression. He proceeds to state that,†however infant man may gloat if his science and ability, and anyway much in a vacillating future that science and expertise may enlarge; yet for all eternity to the beginning of the day, the ocean will proceed to affront and murder him†¦ man has lost that feeling of the dreadfulness of the ocean which aboriginally has a place with it.†(Melville 273). This section delineates the center of what Ishmael is attempting to portray in his contention. It uncovers the ghastliness and unstoppable dread of the ocean, which as indicated by Ishmael individuals appear to have overlooked and underestimate. He likewise puts down human’s in the section calling them â€Å"baby man† demonstrating how weak he accepts individuals are contrasted with the ocean and how regardless of how much individuals advance they can't measure up to the sea’s power. He proceeds to develop this thought expressing the numerous manners by which the ocean’s abhorrences hold matchless quality over all others, for example, the sea’s absence of benevolence and control just as its misdirecting magnificence and how â€Å"its most feared animals float submerged unapparent generally and misleadingly covered up underneath the loveliest azure†(Melville 274) Hidden this depiction of the dread of the sea is an admonition; Ishmael endeavors to show how attempting to consider the obscure in quest for information is unmistakably more perilous than staying in a condition of obliviousness. Ishmael utilizes point by point depiction to over stress how unnerving the sea is. This shows the utilization of narrating and redefinition so as to get the crowd picture the dread of the sea and in doing so identify with Ishmael’s convictions. This demonstrates Ishmael’s utilization of feeling in his contention. Ishmael other than depicting the sea as a hazardous spot he portrays it as â€Å"an everlasting land incognita† (Melville 273), this announcement of the inability of man to unwind the puzzles of the sea shows the, practically frightful, worship he holds towards the sea and its riddles. A respect he endeavors to confer upon the crowd through the previously mentioned utilization of metaphor and redefinition, indicating an utilization of poignancy to cause the crowd to identify with these emotions. It appears that Ishmael would prefer to individuals not endeavor to find out about the obscure as opposed to open themselves to its threats. This is obvious when this concentrate, â€Å"For as thy shocking sea encompasses the verdant land, so in the spirit of a man there lies one isolated Tahiti, brimming with harmony and happiness, however included by the repulsions of the half known life. God keep thee push not off from that isle, thou canst never return!†(Melville 274). This is the end to Ishmael’s conversation and uncovers the thinking for his announcements. The â€Å"horrors of the half known life† enveloping the â€Å"insular Tahiti† are the things individuals endeavor to find out about the world and themselves. Ishmael accepts that by wandering out into the ocean of one’s soul man opens himself to all the risks of the world. This shows how he accepts that it is smarter to stay on a promontory of obliviousness and solace than adventure out into the ocean of information. Ishmael urges individuals to stay in their little separate world undermined by what lies past. He accepts that one will discover less solace in revelations than in obliviousness and as such individuals should avoid the puzzles of the world.

Meal Support in the Treatment of Eating Disorders

Meal Support in the Treatment of Eating Disorders Eating Disorders Treatment Print How Meal Support Can Help Eating Disorder Recovery By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Rachel Goldman, PhD, FTOS on January 28, 2020 Rachel Goldman, PhD FTOS is a licensed psychologist, clinical assistant professor, speaker, wellness expert specializing in weight management and eating behaviors.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Rachel Goldman, PhD, FTOS on January 28, 2020 Rubberball/Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention Eating disorders present a conundrum. Across the spectrum of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and other specified eating disorder, they all involve conditioned abnormal eating behaviors. Individuals with eating disorders are often terrified of eating or eating certain foods. This leads to an avoidance response:  many people with eating disorders avoid meals or foods they consider dangerous. However, the body must be renourished to recover, and therefore treatment requires new eating habits that will reduce the effects of malnourishment and habituate the eating disorder patient to a broader spectrum of foods. Often, the person with an eating disorder must make these changes despite persistent eating disordered thoughts and intense anxiety. Meal support is one tool that can ease the transition.? What Is Meal Support? Meal support is the provision of emotional support during meal times, focused specifically on helping the patient to consume the food on their meal plan and redirecting behaviors that sabotage eating and recovery. Meal support can be provided individually or in a group setting. It can also be provided over the phone or the internet. Treatment team members, family members, and friends may all provide meal support. Meal Support in Traditional Settings Traditionally, many patients attended residential treatment for eating disorders. Meal support has, for many years, been a major component of a hospital and residential treatment for eating disorders. In the residential or hospital setting, all meals and snacks are supervised by staff members. Typically, they are highly structured and closely supervised in order to confront eating disorder behaviors and ensure clients are eating.   Recently, treatment options have expanded to include partial hospitalization and intensive outpatient treatment programs where supervision of some meals plays a central role. However, in an era of cost-containment, many individuals with eating disorders are treated in the outpatient setting. All too often, individual outpatient therapy (consisting of 1 or 2 sessions per week with a therapist and/or dietitian) does not take the place of meal supervision in encouraging changed mealtime behaviors. Significant recovery work takes place during meals, including exposure to fear foods and the unlearning of conditioned eating disorder behaviors (restriction, slow eating, deconstructing food, cutting food into tiny pieces, taking tiny bites, etc.). During meals, irrational thoughts about food and how it works with one’s body can be confronted with reality-based ideas, again confronting the eating disorder. Innovative Newer Options In growing recognition of the centrality of food and eating to the recovery process, an emerging trend is the provision of meal support in additional settings. Recently, there have been several innovative developments in the realm of meal support for eating disorders, making this much-needed support more accessible. In Family Based Treatment (FBT), newer evidence-based outpatient treatment for adolescents with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, parents are charged with supervising their adolescent at family meals. The therapist or other trained health professional coaches the parents to help their adolescent to eat the foods that will nourish them back to health. Parents learn to stay calm in the face of an adolescent’s anxiety attacks and angry outbursts, supporting them through meals including foods they fear. For children attending school, schools may have a teacher or other school personnel assigned to provide meal support to students who need it and who can access school support for their disorder via IEPs (individual educational plans). Additionally, there are now outpatient providers who specialize in providing meal support via trained coaches to individuals in recovery.  Below are some examples:   Eating Disorder Recovery Specialists (EDRS) provides meal support and coaching in the home or at restaurants. They are located in many cities throughout the United States.Active Eating Disorder Recovery for Adults (AEDRA) is another program that offers individual meal support online. In these situations, meal coaching is not a substitute for, but a supplement to treatment. In many outpatient eating disorder treatment settings dietitians may also provide some meal support to their patients and may assist with other eating-related tasks such as grocery shopping, cooking, and planning menus. According to Brooke Glazer, RD who founded a meal support program, “Outpatient meal support is helpful at any stage of recovery. It can be used as prevention to keep one in ones life and out of treatment, used in conjunction with the traditional outpatient team, or used as aftercare to ensure continued success after discharge from a treatment program.  We have had success helping clients at all of these stages. A Word From Verywell If you are in treatment and are having trouble translating what you are learning into changed behaviors during meals or you are stepping down from a higher level of care, consider whether you might benefit from more support during meal times. Do not be ashamed! Seek out support from friends, family members, or formal meal support coaches. Facing feared situations with support facilitates both understanding and the recovery process. It could make a big difference in your recovery.

Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee Essay - 2494 Words

When To Kill a Mockingbird was published in 1960, it brought its young first-time author, Harper Lee, a startling amount of attention and notoriety. The novel replays three key years in the life of Scout Finch, the young daughter of an Alabama town s principled lawyer. The work was an instant sensation, becoming a bestseller and winning the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. Scout s narrative relates how she and her elder brother Jem learn about fighting prejudice and upholding human dignity through the example of their father. Atticus Finch has taken on the legal defense of a black man who has been falsely charged with raping a white woman. Lee s story of the events surrounding the trial has been admired for its portrayal of Southern life during the 1930s, not only for its piercing examination of the causes and effects of racism, but because it created a model of tolerance and courage in the character of Atticus Finch. Some early reviewers found Scout s narration unconvincing, its style an d language too sophisticated for a young girl. Since then, however, critics have hailed Lee s rendering of a child s perspective as told by an experienced adult—as one of the most technically proficient in modern fiction. A regional novel dealing with universal themes of tolerance, courage, compassion, and justice, To Kill a Mockingbirdcombined popular appeal with literary excellence to ensure itself an enduring place in modern American literature. Themes Themes are the fundamental andShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDaisy GaskinsCoastal Pines Technical Collegeâ€Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. Her father was a former newspaper editor and proprietor, who had served as a state senator and practiced as a lawyer in Monroeville. Also Finch was known as the maiden name of Lee’s mother. With that being said Harper Lee became a writer like her father, but she became a American writer, famous for her race relations novel â€Å"ToRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld-wide recognition to the many faces of prejudice is an accomplishment of its own. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that through her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the wo rld. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. She and her siblings grew up modestlyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1290 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird during a rough period in American history, also known as the Civil Rights Movement. This plot dives into the social issues faced by African-Americans in the south, like Tom Robinson. Lee felt that the unfair treatment towards blacks were persistent, not coming to an end any time in the foreseeable future. This dark movement drove her to publish this novel hopeful that it would encourage the society to realize that the harsh racism must stop. Lee effectivelyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee873 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee illustrates that â€Å"it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† throughout the novel by writing i nnocent characters that have been harmed by evil. Tom Robinson’s persecution is a symbol for the death of a mockingbird. The hunters shooting the bird would in this case be the Maycomb County folk. Lee sets the time in the story in the early 1950s, when the Great Depression was going on and there was poverty everywhere. The mindset of people back then was that blackRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee963 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing up, when older characters give advice to children or siblings.Growing up is used frequently in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Harper Lee uses the theme growing up in To Kill a Mockingbird to change characters opinion, develop characters through their world, and utilizes prejudice to reveal growing up. One major cause growing up is used in To Kill a Mockingbird is to represent a change of opinion. One part growing up was shown in is through the trial in part two of the novelRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1052 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee takes place in Maycomb County, Alabama in the late 30s early 40s , after the great depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread throughout the United States. Why is the preconception of racism, discrimination, and antagonism so highly related to some of the characters in this book? People often have a preconceived idea or are biased about one’s decision to live, dress, or talk. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee examines the preconceptionRead MoreHarper Lee and to Kill a Mockingbird931 Words   |  4 PagesHarper Lee and her Works Harper Lee knew first hand about the life in the south in the 1930s. She was born in Monroeville, Alabama in 1926 (Castleman 2). Harper Lee was described by one of her friends as Queen of the Tomboys (Castleman 3). Scout Finch, the main character of Lees Novel, To Kill a Mockinbird, was also a tomboy. Many aspects of To Kill a Mockingbird are autobiographical (Castleman 3). Harper Lees parents were Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. She was the youngestRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1695 Words   |  7 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee presents as a ‘tired old town’ where the inhabitants have ‘nowhere to go’ it is set in the 1930s when prejudices and racism were at a peak. Lee uses Maycomb town to highlight prejudices, racism, poverty and social inequality. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of Walter Cunningham. When it is discovered he has no lunch on the first day of school, Scout tries to explain the situation to MissRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1876 Words   |  8 PagesThough Harper Lee only published two novels, her accomplishments are abundant. Throughout her career Lee claimed: the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, Goodreads Choice Awards Best Fiction, and Quill Award for Audio Book. Lee was also inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. This honor society is a huge accomplishment and is considered the highest recognition for artistic talent and accomplishment in the United States. Along with these accomplishments, herRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1197 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as crops, houses, and land, and money was awfully limited. These conflicts construct Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Lee establishes the concurrence of good and evil, meaning whether people are naturally good or naturally evil. Lee uses symbolism, characterization, and plot to portray the instinctive of good and evil. To Kill a Mocking Bird, a novel by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930s in the Southern United States. The protagonist, Scout Finch,

The Job Of A Job Advertisement - 1871 Words

Deconstructing job advertisements Understanding what an employer is really looking for is important because it means we will not be wasting time applying for positions for which we are not suitable and have little chance of being considered for an interview. It also means when we do find a suitable position we can tailor our applications more specifically, providing us a far better opportunity of being recognised by the employer as a strong enough candidate that should be granted an interview. Deconstructing an advertised position for employment is a discovery process designed to ascertain information that is not clearly expressed in the job advertisement and to enable the application to be presented in the way requested by the†¦show more content†¦Analysing the job advertisement Quickly scanning the information on the skill and experience requirements enables us to assess at first glance whether applying has merit and is our first step in deciding whether to investigate the opportunity further. Quick visual scans can immediately rule out unsuitable positions that have a specific requirement you do not possess. For example the employer may be asking for three years experience in a similar position as an essential requirement. If you do not have this then it would be unwise to waste time on applying. There will be many people with such experience applying and your application will not be considered. However if the experience requirement is under ‘Desirable’ and you fit all the other essential requirements then you should apply. Malcolm Gladwell in his book ‘Blink’ (Little, Brown and Company 2007) discusses the concept of making flash decisions based essentially on our ‘gut’ feelings. When scanning a job advertisement for the first time – what is your ‘gut’ feeling? Recognise the feeling and then when you go into greater detail analyse the reasons why you may have had that feeling to make a more informed, less emotional, decision as to whether you should apply. We need to analyse and not just apply for any job that might fit. Rejection shock can occur in those candidates that send out multiple applications for employment and receive few or no responses. Rejection shock is a form of

Lacklustre Castle Free Essays

When I entered the lacklustre castle , I came upon tangible hundreds of human skin plastered to the wall . The atmosphere was dozed of iniquity as the clock struck midnight and we planned to hunt the treasure located deep inside this isolated castle . † Hey Sam , my instincts had been telling me that this place isn’t good for us † George yelled . We will write a custom essay sample on Lacklustre Castle or any similar topic only for you Order Now †Don’t be headstrong George ! We will never endeavour such extraordinary places ,† Sam said in his chill voice . † All right , let’s begin the journey † Sam ‘s voice was tremblingWe strolled deeper into the castle and through the window . I could see that the sky was full of tumultuous and ominous black clouds that released a sudden shower . The waves rised as great mountains , anger in the form of water , unforgiving and turbulent . My senses believed that these were the first omens of the impending danger . We then walked further in and I was oblivious about the smell of the rotting meat from a corpse hidden under the cushion . We came to a halt in front of a narrow corridor and I was dumbfounded to discover photos of lovely family . Curiosity grew upon us to investigate this . Jane kindled up the candle and surprisingly found some sentences on the wall . According to her , it had said † The treasure has been my people’s desire and only a truly determined person will obtain it . However , please do not take this very lightly as you have to face the unbearable challenges . Good luck .† I think the instructions are just fooling us as according to the book , we just need to solve this knotty puzzle † Jane said confidently † Yes , I believe it is a trap † Sam saidSam , behind you !The wall just suddenly came apart and it started falling over Sam and it had smashed him completely and the blood splattered everywhere . I was shouting over the top of my lungs calling for Sam and the wall had completely blocked him and he vanished like the ships passing through the Bermuda Triangle . I knew that the chances were going slimmer . All the buildings started collapsing and Jane and I both fell to the ground and the boulders had blighted the shelter and we could feel the rough waves on us . Jane was trying to stand on the unbalanced surface but † Jane , watch it !† Sam screamed Two enormous rocks had trapped and the chances to rescue her were decreasing . I was conscious about the scorching heat from the fire that had spread like scuttling mice over the carpet . I used my endless effort to push the rocks over her but was ineffective . † Jane , just leave me and tell mum and dad that I love them so much † she muttered softlyHer words splintered inside me causing more pain than a cancer .She inhaled her last precious breathe and stopped breathing . I sank to my knees and my gasping wails had echoed the ruined castle . Raw tears started falling across my cheeks as I placed a kiss on her delicate forehead . After all these fruitful reminiscence , my beloved sister was gone from this world . I believed it is destiny that separates between us . Two fled, one survived . How to cite Lacklustre Castle, Papers

Effectiveness Harmony Randomized Controlled â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Effectiveness Harmony Randomized Controlled? Answer: Introducation Hypertension or increased blood pressure is a major health problem today resulting in 7.5million deaths worldwide and 57million adjusted life styles (WHO, 2017). It is estimated based on current trends that by 2025, the number of people suffering from hypertension shall increase to 1.56 billion adults (Nejati et al. 2015). The systolic and diastolic blood pressure of normal adults should be within 90-120 mm Hg and 60-80 mm Hg respectively. Any increase in these respective values shall lead to hypertension and enhance the risks for cardiovascular disease and stroke (Karak et al. 2014). Hypertension can thus lead to morbidity and mortality. The manifestation of hypertension is not immediate but takes time to show symptoms like head and neck pain, pain in heart and chest region, shortness of breath, palpitation, and dizziness (Thakrar et al. 2016). This leads to late identification of the problem and progression into morbid conditions. Dietary changes, pharmacological therapies, and physical activity are suggested to treat hypertension and reduce blood pressure (Jain, 2016). The physical activity effectively modifies the lifestyle and complemented with medicines, assists the individual to manage blood pressure. Yoga does not have a universally accepted definition but the concept encircles around tradition of physical activity of engaging into control of breath, different postures withy specific rules and contracts (Blom et al. 2013). The benefits of Yoga are recognised worldwide and it is said to enhance the mental and physical health. Thus, this is suggested as a strategy for reducing blood pressure to normal levels for hypertensive adults. To critically evaluate the effectiveness of yoga on reduction of blood pressure among hypertensive adults. Objectives To evaluate the prevalence of hypertension in adults To assess prevalence among pre-hypertensive adults To evaluate the effect of yoga on hypertension Rationale Several studies have been conducted to suggest that yoga can improve the health and enable hypertensive adults to maintain a healthy lifestyle. There have been several instances of lifestyle modification in adults and aged people worldwide which can be dealt in a cost-effective manner with the help of yoga. This traditional technique which originated in India, 5000years ago can be thus useful for reduction of elevated levels of blood pressure (Wolff, 2016). Blood pressure is an extended part of the fight or flight response associated with anxiety, fear, stress, anger, excitement and anticipation which leads to activation of the sympathetic nervous system (Sujatha and Judie, 2014). It indicates that yoga can be of help since studies show it can regulate the various hormonal levels responsible for the flight or fight responses. The physical activities which comprise yoga can thus help reduce levels of blood pressure to normal in hypotensive adults. Significance The study is particularly significant since there are several reports on the effect on yoga on the holistic health development. Yoga is known to treat several ailments of body pain, gout, and hormonal imbalance (Fahmi and Sari, 2016) and so on but the effect of yoga on particularly health of individuals affected by hypertension from a systematic perspective has never been conducted. Context And Setting The study shall be conducted in with the adults, above 18years of age in perspective suffering from hypertension. The effect of yoga on their health and decrease in the level of original blood pressure or elevation would be assessed through this review that aims to critically analyse the impact of this age old tradition to modify the lifestyles of the hypertensive patients and linearize them with the normal lifestyle. Literature Review Hypertension is a significant risk factor that contributes to myocardial infarction, heart failure, and stroke and kidney disease. As per American Heart Association (2013), there has been 2.4 million in US in 2009, among which 348,102 died of hypertension (Chu et al. 2016). This incident particularly displays the prevalence which is widespread and is evident from the data. Though several medication and therapies have evolved in past decade, hypertension experts like Wahlstrom et al. (2017), Wolff (2016) and Cramer (2016) suggest through their studies that lifestyle modification and dietary changes may reflect as reduction of cholesterol levels, lowering of blood pressure and control of hormonal levels like thyroid, insulin etc. Pharmacological intervention to reduce the cases of hypertension and controlling it in case of chronic patients, whose lifestyles have ben drastically altered due to it has been widespread. Research bySantaella et al. (2014), suggests yoga can be a non-pharmacological intervention that may reduce the instances of morbidity or mortality caused due to hypertension. According to Mayer-Berger (2017), Yoga is defined as a non-pharmacological, lifestyle intervention which encompasses breathing meditation, that can be used as an effective tool to control blood pressure levels. Yoga originated in India, thousands of years back and has recently come into limelight through diligent promotion and due to its diverse health benefits. It is reported by Singh et al. (2016) that yoga is the natural remedy for different diseases. It reduces stress and activates the autonomic function by suppression of sympathetic activity. Studies by Das et al. (2015), Roche and Hesse (2014) evaluate the effect and yoga on hypertension and suggest that the consistent practice for long durations of time leads to lowering of blood pressure levels. The study was conducted for 6 months. Meta-analysis by Wolff et al. (2013) shows the effects of yoga on reducing blood pressure levels in patients with hypertension and pre-hypertension. The study uses 17 control and 17 experimental, who undertook rigorous yoga in a systematic manner by a registered practitioner and this study led to the demonstration of an 8mm Hg reduction in systolic blood pressure and 6mm Hg reduction in diastolic blood pressure. In case of pre-hypertensive adults, incorporation of pranayama in their yoga routine can be of benefit and efficiently assist them to control their blood pressure levels to normal. This may overall eliminate the chances of progression in stage I hypertension or delay the progression considerably (Hagins et al. 2014). Studies by Tyagi and Cohen (2014) indicated acute and long term effects of hatha yoga on regulation of blood pressure. This study opted for a methodology based on practice of hatha yoga by following an instructional yoga video by participants. The study resulted in an immediate acute increase in blood pressure because of the increase in heart rate due to physical activity. The cardiac output is increased due to the intensive breathing and movement related activity like Pranayama, Vajrasana, Dhanurasana, Ustrasana so on and so forth. The prehypertension and stage1 hypertension is increasing despite the introduction of several pharmacological interventions. Iyengar Yoga has been reported to be beneficial is reducing blood pressure by several researchers like Cramer (2014), Yadav (2016) and Posadzki (2014). But the trial leading to establishment of the fact that it can improve systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels and align it with the normal level came out of the randomised trial conducted by Wolff et al. (2013). 12 weeks of Iyengar Yoga could substantially reduce the blood pressure levels as compared to enhanced usual care (EUC). The EUC group was subjected to dietary controls and they showed decrease in levels of blood pressure as well. In case of Iyengar yoga however, there was no concomitant alteration in catecholamine or cortisol levels. Thus, the mechanism by which yoga helps the patients suffering from hypertension and prone to it is unknown but the effect is established by clinically significant dat a. The reduction shows up after constant yoga training for 12 weeks and not initially whereas the EUC results showed the blood pressure reduced gradually but to much lower extents, 3 mm Hg as compared to 6mm Hg at maxima. Yogic relaxation and techniques involving bio-feedback were used for treatment of 20 hypertensive patients in the study conducted by Tyagi and Cohen (2014). It showed that antihypertensive therapy can be drastically reduced to 33-60% as in the case of 7 patients or stopped in 5 patents. Some patients could not respond to the therapy but other responded and the overall results were positive. Among the 5 patients who completely stopped ant hypertension therapy, one derived certain indirect benefits as it led to relief of migraine and depression. Another study by Das et al. (2015) showed that using Shavasana can reduce the extent of hypertensive drug administration. The study involved 25 patients of essential hypertension. 20 patients of these were not subjected to any antihypertensive drug treatment whereas 5 were administered antihypertensive drugs before inclusion into the study. They were subjected to Shavasana and trained to perform it correctly. The training and administration of yoga continued for 6 months. Statistically significant decrease in the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure was observed in both groups. Thus, the study concluded that the inherent requirement of antihypertensive drugs can be completely eliminated by practicing Shavasana for therapeutic purposes. It may otherwise be used as an adjunct in hypertension treatment for patients who suffer from chronic hypertension. Studies by Mayer-Berger (2017) shows that yoga can successfully regulate the variables of hypertension. The patients of hypertension aged between 35-61 years of age were trained in yoga for 1 hour every day for 11 weeks and their levels or parameters like body weight, pulse rate and blood pressure were examined after the therapy. The control group here comprised on adults in that age group who took regular medication directed at lowering of hypertension. Results tested with ANCOVA showed that treatment stimulus, drugs and yoga can be effective for controlling the variables associated with hypertension. According to studies conducted by Wahlstrom et al. (2017), psychophysical relaxation can be attained through yoga but the effects are not retained if the practice is terminated. 20 patients were subjected to yoga for 12 months and age, sex matched controls were monitored along with them. Those undertaking yoga as a part of their lifestyle showed reduction or control over their blood pressure however those who were in the control group showed irregularities more often. Significant reduction in blood pressure was observed in the yoga group but absent in control. This further validates the point that yoga can be beneficial especially for patients suffering from hypertension. Criteria For Considering Studies For This Review The studies considered for this review were selected based on their relevance to the subject topic. Those that presented a scattered inconclusive form were not considered. For the ease of understanding, studies conducted and published in English were only considered. The data that showed statistical relevance were given priority and data presenting the prevalence in recent times conducted on patients exposed to the modern day environment were considered. The modern day environment has several factors that affect the epigenetic factors and the lifestyle of the patient thus recent studies conducted of them are more relevant. Non-randomised and preventive trials were excluded from the study. Furthermore, the studies based on normotensive and abstract articles in unrecognised journals and unreliable web sources were also excluded to conserve and enrich the value of systematic review. Project Design The study is based systematic review of literature encircling the efficacy of yoga as a therapy in hypertension. The secondary archived literature sources mentioned in relevant and reliable papers, journals and websites. The conceptual clarity of the project has been retained by review of qualitative and quantitative secondary research. The project was conducted by examining the methodological quality and appropriate considerations with stringency were imposed to remove bias of any sort in the review systems. The JBI critical appraisal tool was used and data extraction was conducted with the sole aim of establishing the relationship between yoga and hypertension conclusively. The impact of the same shall be evaluated by critical appraisal methods by extracting data from PUBMED, CINHAL, SCOPUS and Cochrane database of systematic Reviews that enables the comprehension to develop. The basis or mechanism of yoga affecting the sympathetic nervous system is explored through a combination o f studies that indicate the results of yoga could be enhancement of levels initially or reduction gradually in certain weeks. The project is thus designed in a methodical manner to critically analyse the merits and demerits of yoga and particularly emphasise on its effect on hypertensive adults. Methods Of Review To maintain the quality of the review, JBI critical appraisal tool was used. It enables the examination of methodological quality of any study and determines the bias in the study. The tool further enables the reprisal of bias in method of analysis which improves the quality of the study strategically. Data extraction was done through detailed analysis of renowned journals and articles that are credible and reliable in terms of medical concepts so that the data is relevant. The relevant data was then extracted and represented on word and referenced through the Harvard referencing technique. The proposed timeframe was abided by and proposal was composed in 2 weeks which required fundamental data extraction to formulate the strategy of research. Further expanded studies were conducted to find papers which were relevant and statistically significant enough to be considered to incorporation and examination under the current research. This study took 1 week time to evaluate and ascertain the quality appraisal. The further data extraction and review formulation as well as data synthesis subsequently took 2 weeks and construction of final report consumed a week for the complication of the wide range of the data so obtained for the current systematic review. Search Strategy The search strategy was implemented by using databases that confer assistance of finding the clinically relevant data on randomised trials directed at hypertension. The databases PUBMED, SCOPUS, CINHAL and Cochrane database of systematic Reviews were consulted with key words, hypertension, yoga and effectiveness to find and extract the data recently updated in these fields for the incorporation and inference extraction from the review. The systematic review has been strategically composed in accordance with the structure of report and specialised keywords like randomised trial, yoga postures for reduction of hypertension and impacts of yoga on hypertensive adults were used for extraction and search efficiency elevation. The strategic findings were then reviewed. Assessment Of Methodological Quality The methodological quality was ensured by inclusion of data from reliable sources and acknowledged journals and articles published in the aforementioned databases. The quality of the study was further evaluated by the reviewer based on the structure and methods that led to the conclusion. The relative intensity of research and statically relevance of the data was taken in to consideration while incorporation of the extracted data in to the current study. The overall outcome of this study was focussed on Yoga and it respective impact on hypertensive adults. Several randomised trials and qualitative data were taken in consideration for this. The reason for the strategic incorporation of the positivist theory and inclusion of reliable literature that discusses the fundamental effect of increases in variables of blood pressure is to constrict the study to these dependant variable, hypertension and independent variable, yoga. The systematic review has brought into light several insights that developed gradually as more pieces of studies were evaluated and compiled to produce the ultimate constructive review of the non-pharmacologic intervention of yoga on the lifestyle and medical requirements of the hypertensive adults, above the age of 18 who have developed the condition because of several causative reasons such as stress, anxiety and so on. The measures of the outcome were derived from both qualitative and quantitative achieved data. Results Yoga is an ancient form of exercise that helps the hypertensive adults to control their condition. Yoga has a holistic effect on the body and mind of the patients and in a yet undiscovered manner assists in lowering the systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels to normal. The requirement for medication and pharmacologic intervention can be completely eliminated by practising yoga according to some studies (Fahmi and Sari, 2016). However, other studies indicate that for chronic patients yoga can act as a supplementary method that helps them to keep the levels under control and reduce the systems and risk associated with morbidity (Wahlstrom et al. 2017). Hypertension is a part of the flight or fight response and thus rigorous physical activities can elevate the levels of blood pressure. Bothe the levels can substantially managed by employment of yoga according to Cramer (2016) but the study indicates there is subsequent effect on the catecholamine and cortisol levels that may be reflected as a lowering. However, yoga may induce changes in hormonal levels such as adrenaline involved in the fight or flight response thus leading to reduction of blood pressure and heart rate (Chu et al. 2016). Another contracting fact that deviates from the ideology that yoga affects the hormonal levels to regulate the blood pressure is that, initially the blood pressure rises and the heart rate is also substantially higher than usual but with proper asana like Shavasana, Iyengar yoga and Hastha asana the long term benefits of yoga are observed (Karak et al. 2014). The effects of yoga appear late as compared to diet induced control of hypertension. The resultant 6mmHg reduction in systolic and diastolic pressure occurs only after 11-12 weeks and not gradually as in EUC where initial lowering of 2mm Hg is observed and with increase in duration 3mm Hg is achieved (Santaella et al. 2014). The lowering is thus subjective. The mechanisms by which yoga benefits the hypertension patients are yet unknown but the effect is evident form this study. Several studies further indicate that the mortality and morbidity rates due to hypertension is relatively high in countries where obesity is prevent like US and thus Yogas effect on loss of weight concomitant with lowering of blood pressure may corroboratively contribute to the higher rate of reduction (Jain, 2016). Diet induced and pharmaceutical drug induced reduction of blood pressure is limited but the regulation can be achieved in a far more cost-effective manner with the use of yoga as an additional non-pharmacologic additive to the daily life of these individuals (Wolff, 2016). As for the pre-hypertensive individuals who are on the verge of adapting to a solely medicine based treatment of hypertension can adopt this strategy of performing yoga daily for hour to reduce the chances. Hypertension is seen to associate with heart attack, stroke, cardiac arrest, blockage and several other ailments that affect the lifestyle of the adults drastically. Yoga can help in the betterment of the lifestyle but the initial elevation of blood pressure levels on beginning the therapy must induce some problems if the patient is already suffering from a chronic heart condition (Das et al. 2015). Thus, the type of yoga must be administered with diligent care and not simply followed through any available tutorial. The hypertensive adults must specifically undertake Shavasana, Iyengar yoga and Hastha asana for controlling their blood pressure levels. These asana also render certain additional benefits in form of alleviation of migraine in certain individuals thus the practice should be widespread and suggested by physicians (Mayer-berger et al. 2017). The yogic practices that originally evolved in India today has spread into the world because of it wide applicability and health bene fits that are impossible to ignore. The advantages are enormous and specific asana can help alleviate the specific problems of every individual (Wang et al. 2013). However, caution must be exercised by patients of hypertension while practicing other forms of yoga that require rigorous activity or indulging in uncomfortable postures since they may induce an increase in the heart rate. Hence, practicing yoga is a subjective concept that is rapidly evolving to display the specific asana as that benefits the specific health conditions like hypertension. Yoga asana involves a plethora of postures and breathing techniques hence the specific yoga for hypertension, viz. Shavasana, Iyengar yoga and Hastha asana must be practiced by hypertensive adults and other asana must be practiced for additional ailments (Wang et al. 2013) with evident feedback from community or medical practitioners suggestion as they may be harmful for the hypertensive patients and lead to elevation of the levels which might have further repercussions on the health of the individual. Discussion Thus, the study conclusively states through a descriptive review based on the research articles that performed primary studies on hypertensive individuals, that yoga has an overall positive impact on the health of hypertensive patients if they are practising the right asana or postures. The correct postures practised for long terms like 11-12 weeks can lead to improvement of their condition and overall disabled lifestyle (Fahmi and Sari, 2016). Hypertension may perturb the normal lifestyle of patients suffering from it; reduce their life span by coercing them towards heart diseases and disorders that lead to attacks, stroke and cardiac arrests (Das et al. 2015). The pharmaceutical based intervention has proven to be effective but the cost-efficiency can be increased and the dosage of medicine can be substantially lowered by using yoga as an additive to the treatment of theses hypertensive adults (Wang et al. 2013). The modern day stress and work pressure as well as work-life imbalance and other environmental factors has affected the mental and physical health which is reflected as the increased number of hypertensive patients and the increased cases of morbidity or mortality because of hypertension (Mayer-berger et al. 2017). These hypertensive and the pre-hypertensive patients can thus be substantially assisted by using yoga as a lifestyle choice which consumes simply 1 hour a day for leading a healthier life. Conclusion The study aimed to illustrate and combine the varied studies conducted on yoga as an effective means of reducing blood pressure that describe the cumulative effects of diverse yoga postures on the health of hypertensive adults. For the purpose, a qualitative and quantitative secondary approach has been adopted where through constructive critical analysis and stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria implementation, certain articles and papers that concentrate their findings on the correlation of yoga and hypertension has been reviewed systematically for extraction of indispensible information to conclusively suggest the impact of yoga on hypertensive adults. Hypertensive adults can benefit drastically and the completely eliminate the usage of medication for controlling blood pressure from their lives by practising proper yoga postures like Shavasana, Iyengar yoga and Hastha asana that have recognised benefits in case of hypertension. The practice of yoga for long spans of time like 11-12 weeks can help in controlling blood pressure a lead to lowering of dosage in chronic hypertension patients. Those on the verge of developing it, pre-hypertensive patients may also be benefited by the practice of yoga and their case may arrest at that stage itself, further progression into hypertension can be prevented completely. However, certain studies have shown there is an increase in heart rate and blood pressure initially, thus the yoga postures must be practised with caution by hypertensive patients so that the therapy does not affect their wellbeing in any way and doesnt effectively lead to ailments like heart diseases and fatigue. Limitations Of Study The study has been mainly limited by the time and resources. There were several more studies that require paid access and thus could not be availed for the current study, furthermore the study has also been limited by the relevant sources of literature and exclusion criteria set by the researcher. Since, many articles have been discarded due to publishing in unrecognised journals and web sources for enhancing the quality of the current study. The study is thus primarily limited by time and secondarily by the databases comprised of research papers which lacked in terms of insightful reviews on the impact of yoga and more postures that could be employed for reduction of blood pressure. Recommendations Incorporation of yoga therapy as an adjunct to medicine based therapy for chronic hypertension patients shall be beneficial Guidance from medicinal practitioners based on the asana of yoga that may be of significant benefit to hypertensive and pre-hypertensive individuals must be provided after diagnosis. Hypertensive and the pre-hypertensive patients should be aware of using yoga as a lifestyle choice which consumes simply 1 hour a day for leading a healthier life. References Cramer, H., Haller, H., Lauche, R., Steckhan, N., Michalsen, A. and Dobos, G., 2014. A systematic review and meta-analysis of yoga for hypertension.American journal of hypertension,27(9), pp.1146-1151. Yadav, R., Yadav, R.K., Khadgawat, R. and Mehta, N., 2016. OS 28-06 BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF A 12-WEEK YOGA-BASED LIFESTYLE INTERVENTION ON CARDIO-METABOLIC RISK FACTORS AND ADIPOKINES IN SUBJECTS WITH PRE-HYPERTENSION OR HYPERTENSION.Journal of hypertension,34, p.e252. Posadzki, P., Cramer, H., Kuzdzal, A., Lee, M.S. and Ernst, E., 2014. Yoga for hypertension: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials.Complementary Therapies in Medicine,22(3), pp.511-522. Tyagi, A. and Cohen, M., 2014. Yoga and hypertension: a systematic review.Alternative therapies in health and medicine,20(2), pp.32-59. Hagins, M., Rundle, A., Consedine, N.S. and Khalsa, S.B.S., 2014. A randomized controlled trial comparing the effects of yoga with an active control on ambulatory blood pressure in individuals with prehypertension and stage 1 hypertension.The Journal of Clinical Hypertension,16(1), pp.54-62. Wolff, M., Rogers, K., Erdal, B., Chalmers, J.P., Sundquist, K. and Midlv, P., 2016. Impact of a short home-based yoga programme on blood pressure in patients with hypertension: a randomized controlled trial in primary care.Journal of human hypertension,30(10), pp.599-605. Singh, A.K., Malhotra, V., Tripathi, Y., Gupta, S. and Dhar, U., 2016. Yoga, Pranayama, Shav Asana, Hypertension, Cardiovascular Parameters, Isometric Hand Grip [IHG] Test.BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF YOGA ON CARDIOVASCULAR PARAMETERS TO ISOMETRIC HAND GRIP TEST., (15). Wolff, M., Sundquist, K., Lnn, S.L. and Midlv, P., 2013. Impact of yoga on blood pressure and quality of life in patients with hypertensiona controlled trial in primary care, matched for systolic blood pressure.BMC cardiovascular disorders,13(1), p.111. Roche, L.T. and Hesse, B.M., 2014. Application of an integrative yoga therapy programme in cases of essential arterial hypertension in public healthcare.Complementary therapies in clinical practice,20(4), pp.285-290. Das, D., Manik, R. and Gartia, R., 2015. EFFECTS OF INTEGRATED APPROACH OF YOGA (IAY) ON ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION.Hypertension,2(33), pp.4925-4938. Mayer-Berger, W., Pieper, C., Klemm, S. and Schroer, S., 2017, January. Secondary Prevention in Patients with arterial Hypertension for the sustained Implementation of a Yoga Intervention (Mind-Body-Therapy)-a randomized controlled Study. InZEITSCHRIFT FUR PSYCHOSOMATISCHE MEDIZIN UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE(Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 88-89). THEATERSTRASSE 13,, D-37073 GOTTINGEN, GERMANY: VANDENHOECK RUPRECHT. Cramer, H., 2016. The efficacy and safety of yoga in managing hypertension.Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology Diabetes,124(02), pp.65-70. Santaella, D.F., Lorenzi-Filho, G., Rodrigues, M.R., Tinucci, T., Malinauskas, A.P., Mion-Jnior, D., Montano, N. and Forjaz, C.L., 2014. Yoga Relaxation (savasana) decreases cardiac sympathovagal balance in hypertensive patients.MedicalExpress,1(5), pp.233-238. Wahlstrom, M., Rydell Karlsson, M., Medin, J. and Frykman, V., 2017. Effects of yoga in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillationa randomized controlled study.European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing,16(1), pp.57-63. Chu, P., Gotink, R.A., Yeh, G.Y., Goldie, S.J. and Hunink, M.M., 2016. The effectiveness of yoga in modifying risk factors for cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.European journal of preventive cardiology,23(3), pp.291-307. Fahmi, M.M. and Sari, S.M., 2016. The Effectiveness Of Yoga To Decrease Blood Pressure In Elderly With Hypertension In Tresna Werdha Khusnul Khotimah Nursing Homes Pekanbaru. WOLFF, M., 2016. Yoga as a treatment for hypertension in primary care. A quantitative and qualitative analysis conducted in Sweden. Nejati, S., Zahiroddin, A., Afrookhteh, G., Rahmani, S. and Hoveida, S., 2015. Effect of group mindfulness-based stress-reduction program and conscious yoga on lifestyle, coping strategies, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures in patients with hypertension.The Journal of Tehran University Heart Center,10(3), p.140. Karak, P., Banerjee, A. and Dasgupta, A., 2014. Holistic approach of yoga on blood pressure management.Indian Journal of Medical Research and Pharmaceutical Sciences,1(5), pp.17-20. Jain, S., 2016. Effect of 6 weeks pranava yoga training on cardiovascular parameters in prehypertensive young adults.Hypertension,8(10). Wang, J., Xiong, X. and Liu, W., 2013. Yoga for essential hypertension: a systematic review.PloS one,8(10), p.e76357. Thakrar, M.V., Helmersen, D.S., Hirani, N., Jackson, K., Lien, D.C. and Santana, M.J., 2016. A Multi-Centre Study on the Effects of Iyengar Yoga on Health Related Quality of Life in Patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation,35(4), pp.S50-S51. Blom, K., Baker, B., How, M., Dai, M., Irvine, J., Abbey, S., Abramson, B.L., Myers, M.G., Kiss, A., Perkins, N.J. and Tobe, S.W., 2013. Hypertension analysis of stress reduction using mindfulness meditation and yoga: results from the harmony randomized controlled trial.American journal of hypertension,27(1), pp.122-129. Sujatha, T. and Judie, A., 2014. Effectiveness of a 12-week yoga program on physiopsychological parameters in patients with hypertension.International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research,6(4), pp.329-335.

Architecture Research Paper Kansai International Airport free essay sample

Renzo Piano is a very fascinating and unique building. It construction combines a man-made island, a high-tech new age looking structure and creative architectural design to create one of the biggest and most expensive airports in the world as seen to right in (Figure-1a). Human use of Kansai Airport is best expressed by the lecture topics discussed in class that include: Designation and Organization of Use, Architectural Determinism, Humanism at a Personal Scale, and Humanism at the Scale of Neighborhoods / Communities/Bureaucracies and Meaning in Architecture. In the Professor Speck’s class lecture over Designation and Organization of Use, there are many themes that I feel parallel with the design of Kansai International Airport. In lecture Professor Speck said that the overall environment a building is in encourages both the behavioral aspects and the physical environment, which in turn alters the shape behavior of the building. This statement correlates perfectly to Kansai Airport, because first of all the building is built of the coast of Osaka, Japan on a made-island. We will write a custom essay sample on Architecture Research Paper Kansai International Airport or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So before the building is built there is already a sense of behavioral and physical difference that sets it apart from other buildings. According to the lecture space is designated for three reasons. The first reason being the practicality of the designated space, then the injection of certain cultural values and taboos and finally the intrinsic human need to claim pace- intervals and community. Also, he said that when architects are planning the zoning for building they consider time, efficiency and machines. Kansai Airport was built because of a need for a big international airport; however, Piano had to find an alternate location due to the crowdedness of the Osaka Bay area. Thus, he used the theme of designation and organization use to come to the conclusion of a manmade island. Piano decision for the island can be compared to early American houses expressed in the book The Place Houses. In the book the authors describe how the early houses in New England, Virginia and Deep South differed in design to help adapt to there environment. However, after Piano solved the problem of where the airport would be built he still had to decide how long to make the island so it could house the massive structure. The final decision was for the island to be four kilometers long and one kilometer wide. The Phaidon Press describes this well in the book On Tour with Renzo Piano when they write, â€Å"Projects such as Kansai International Airport are so large in scale that they are almost impossible to grasp. †(p. 7). The size of the island is seen from an aerial view above in (Figure 2-a). Architectural Determinism, as mentioned by Professor Speck, played an important role in the design and construction of the Kansai Airport. The interior of the building is very easy to navigate around. Transparent glass helps calm people down and at the same time speed up the process of arrival and departure. The long and narrow design allows for a nearly infinite field of vision, creating a stress free and carefree environment. This is described well in the book Renzo Piano when Emilo Pizzi writes, â€Å"The desire to maximize transparency between the various areas allocated to embarkation and arrival procedures mans that precedence is given at every point to the passengers need to find their way, as well as enabling them to see the planes parked in front of the building through windows. † (p. 228). Rather than some buildings where people can feel like a needle in hay stack and get lost easily, Kansai International is very easy to navigate through even with its massive size. The transparency of the interior that results in easy and efficiency of movement from one place to another is apparent in (Figure 3-a) right and above. The next issue presented in lecture related to the Kansai Airport is Humanism at a Personal Scale. The assortment of different kinds of plant life inside the terminal give let the airport connect with the people walking through it. The plants help to offset the cold, unwelcoming feeling that is given off by the vast amount of steel, high ceiling and open spaces. Also helping to offset this unwelcoming feeling is the beautiful view of the Osaka Bay. The large glass windows combined with sun reflecting off the water allows a lot of natural light into the terminal. As expressed in the book The Place of Houses natural light helps give a warm vivid feeling to room that will stay in our minds long after we walk out of that room. Another small but import feature of Kansai Airport is the small signs that give directions. While all airports have these signs, they are especially important particularly in this massive terminal. Convenience of restaurants and stores also helps the airport to connect to the people walking through it on a more personal scale. This range of activities helps everyone that is arriving or departing feel a little bigger in such a enormous place. All of the small tributaries from the restaurants, stores, etc. lead to a â€Å"canyon† area that is the focal point of the terminal. Again this is to try and make arrival and departure run more smoothly. This is explained well in the book Renzo Piano when Emilo Piano writes, â€Å"Inside, the different levels convene into the â€Å"canyon,† a tall atrium occupying the fall of the height of the building, which acts as a sorting point for those arriving or disembarking off the planes. † (p. 28). The importance of focus is also cited in the book The Place of Houses, which says that the â€Å"focus† of a room is one of the most important and critical characteristics, because they (foci) are meant help to organize the room around the center of interest. In this case is canyon is both the center of interest and the â€Å"gateway† to the re st of the terminal. In (Figure 4-a) right and above one can clearly see how the â€Å"canyon† along with the massive signs help to make Kansai International Airport more manageable and how it helps to cater to people on a more humanistic and personal scale. Humanism at the Scale of Neighborhoods/Communities/Bureaucracies is the next issue I will discuss and its connection with the Kansai International Airport. I think that buzzing, busy atmosphere makes the people in the terminal feel warm and jovial. While it could be argued that to many persons walking scurrying through the airport at the same time could be disturbing and annoying, I think that like the plants, stores and restaurant the sea of people helps to fill the gigantic inside space of the terminal. However, if Kansai were compared to a city I would definitely compare it to one of the larger metropolises in the US, simply because of number of people and the crowded feeling it gives off. I think that the feel in the terminal would be like an exaggerated effect of what west campus is like during the afternoon of a school day. Both require a lot of walking and there is almost no opportunity to drive an automobile through either. Although I do not believe that Kansai Airport is necessarily a bad environment, it is certainly not a nurturing one. In lecture Professor Speck pointed out that there are eight principles of nurturing communities. They are as follows, convenience, wide range of articles, wide range of activities, sense of human presence, personal human scale, variety of visual experiences, freedom from intrusion of disturbance and natural relief. In my opinion Kansai Airport satisfies all of them except for intrusion of distraction, which is definitely does not satisfy because of the mass amounts of people. Emilo Pizzi explains this well in Renzo Piano when we he writes, â€Å"The place seems to evoke the turmoil of Japanese cities, but also the spirit of a millenary civilization†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 228). Although Kansai is not terrible as far as its Humanism at the Scale of Neighborhood/Communities/Bureaucracies is concerned it is definitely not as personable as the examples given in lecture, such as Kresege College in California, Byker, Newcastle-upon-Tyne in England, Tapiola New Town, Finland or the Crown Fountain, Millennium Park, Chicago. The final issue that Professor Speck discussed about in lecture was the Meaning of Architecture. The issue begins with the visual culture progression in the past fifty years leading to both greater reading comprehension and greater visual comprehension; architecture had to progress as well. Thus, architects started to use certain ways to â€Å"communicate† these ways of communication include Literal Direct Communication (LDC), Literal Indirect Communication (LIC) and Abstract. An example of LDC is a billboard of a cow with the caption â€Å"eat more,† so physically the meat is depicted. An example of LIC would be a picture of Bevo with the caption â€Å"We’re Texas. † Finally Abstract is defined as depicting certain feeling, colors, shapes, etc. I believe that Kansai International Airport is a combination of LDC and Abstract, because it looks like an airport with runways, planes, etc. but also is made of very unique shapes that set it apart from any other building. The uniqueness of Kansai that make it abstract are demonstrated well in Renzo Piano when Emilo Pizzi writes, â€Å"From the air, the building looks like a shining flag that cheerfully greets the traveler from the vast artificial island. The image stays in the mind when, having landed, the plane comes to a halt in front of the large metallic facade of the building. † (p. 224). A visual Kansai is flag-like structure and its Abstract communication is clearly depicted in (Figure 5-a) below. In conclusion, Professor Speck discussed many issues in lecture that distinguished the human and personal use of buildings all over the globe. The issues consisted of : Designation and Organization of Use, Architectural Determinism, Humanism at Personal Scale, Humanism at the Scale of Neighborhoods/ Communities/Bureaucracies and Meaning in Architecture. These issues/topics are especially vital in expressing the personal and human architectural use of Kansai International Airport. Theses issue give a small sample of truly how creative and unique Kansai Airport’s Architect Renzo Piano is and how impressive and world renounced Kansai International is by both world-class architects and just the every day observer alike. This airport with its manmade island and unique high-tech look will always be remembered and will mostly definitely used as a model for airports and other buildings in the future.

Free Essays on Sparta Vs. Athens

As Greece ascended from the dark ages, two very distinct city-states, Sparta and Athens, each possessing its own unique values, defined its development. Athens emphasized the importance of democracy and shared justice, while Sparta prided its military prowess. Athenians boasted their superior form of democracy, while the Spartans would subject the youth to rigorous military training. A good education and a superior political system define the society in Athens, while aspiration for manliness and military glory shapes Sparta’s sociological structure. The ideal for Sparta was to train soldiers from their youth- to have a country full of able fighters and warriors. In fact, despite the relatively sparse population of Spartans, the community had a strong military presence, and extraordinary power. The ideal life was one striving towards the military. Obedience was the main subject of study among young Spartans, as they were sent to a public guardian, known as a paidonomos, instead of being treated by a private tutor. At the same time that life as a warrior was held in highest regard, death as a soldier was also the most lauded form of decease, as can be seen from the first line of a poem written by Tyrtaeus, a poet active around the Second Messenian War in the mid-sixth century B.C.E, â€Å"Beautiful and honorable it is for a brave warrior to die, fallen among the foremost fighters, in battle for his native land†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Tyrtaeus promotes soldiers to â€Å"not begin shameful flight of fear†¦and do not show love for you r lives when you are fighting with warriors.† When a young soldier falls in battle, it is â€Å"beautiful and honorable when he lies among the foremost fighters.† The Spartans are taught here that he most important ideal in life is the military. The Spartan youth were subjected to a life that would prepare them for every possible situation bound to arise in a military scenario. They did not wear shoes, which would serve only ... Free Essays on Sparta Vs. Athens Free Essays on Sparta Vs. Athens As Greece ascended from the dark ages, two very distinct city-states, Sparta and Athens, each possessing its own unique values, defined its development. Athens emphasized the importance of democracy and shared justice, while Sparta prided its military prowess. Athenians boasted their superior form of democracy, while the Spartans would subject the youth to rigorous military training. A good education and a superior political system define the society in Athens, while aspiration for manliness and military glory shapes Sparta’s sociological structure. The ideal for Sparta was to train soldiers from their youth- to have a country full of able fighters and warriors. In fact, despite the relatively sparse population of Spartans, the community had a strong military presence, and extraordinary power. The ideal life was one striving towards the military. Obedience was the main subject of study among young Spartans, as they were sent to a public guardian, known as a paidonomos, instead of being treated by a private tutor. At the same time that life as a warrior was held in highest regard, death as a soldier was also the most lauded form of decease, as can be seen from the first line of a poem written by Tyrtaeus, a poet active around the Second Messenian War in the mid-sixth century B.C.E, â€Å"Beautiful and honorable it is for a brave warrior to die, fallen among the foremost fighters, in battle for his native land†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Tyrtaeus promotes soldiers to â€Å"not begin shameful flight of fear†¦and do not show love for you r lives when you are fighting with warriors.† When a young soldier falls in battle, it is â€Å"beautiful and honorable when he lies among the foremost fighters.† The Spartans are taught here that he most important ideal in life is the military. The Spartan youth were subjected to a life that would prepare them for every possible situation bound to arise in a military scenario. They did not wear shoes, which would serve only ...

Human Computer Interaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Computer Interaction - Essay Example Gale explains that there has been another by-product witnessed from the concepts of HCI; which is WIMP. It stands for "window, icon, menu, pointing device", it is a mode of interacting with the computer just like GUI. It was developed by Merzouga Wilberts in 1980. The basic concept behind this form of interaction is to use a physical input device that controls the placing of a cursor. The exchange of information between the user and the computer takes place from a pointing device (usually a mouse). The information is presented in windows and icons. The pointing device enables the users to select an icon or any document present on the display screen.  2. Future of HCI  The future of HCI holds very promising developments, a glimpse of such revolutions is stated below:2.1 Multi-touch InterfacesThere has been some revolutionary developments in the area of user interfaces that have allowed man to use computers in very diverse techniques. Ted (2007) states that one such example is the ‘multi-touch user interfaces’, the concept of this interfacing started in the 1980s. Touch interfaces have been very common but the innovative thing about these interfaces is that it enables multi-touch by multiple users. This multi-user facility proves to be very useful for scenarios where many people want to interact at the same time such as interactive walls and tabletops. There are a number of possibilities with this concept and a complete shift can be witnessed in HCI if this is pursued to its maximum potential.tential.

The end of Lehman Brothers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The end of Lehman Brothers - Essay Example The scandal that brought the Lehman brothers to their knees was one that involved financial and accounting fraud, which was no new case for the firm since its inception. Following the release of reports following the bankruptcy of Lehman, scandals are cropping up showing that the Lehmans have been cooking their books, also known as creative accounting since before the financial crisis hit the world in the last years of the previous decade. The precise time would be around the year 2007, when things began to go downhill for them. The scandal goes by the name â€Å"Repo 105† following the textbook application of previously used antics to bring about a scandal (Sharp). The scandal begins with deals involving banks in the Cayman Islands relating to repurchase agreements. In this case, Lehman planned to dispense toxic assets to the banks that got into the deal, on the condition that, after a given short period, Lehman would repurchase them. This deal made the Lehmans appear to be an honest organization dealing as per the law. However, the whole issue was only on paper, while the actual organization of the firm revolved around dirty dealings and fraud (Sharp). All the above was in an attempt to pull a fast one on investors and credit rating agencies to maintain their prestigious position. In the meantime, the Lehmans brothers were quite busy embezzling funds and finances from their organization on a colossal scale to a pint of no return. In their creative accounting, the Lehmans went beyond themselves in defrauding the public and investors by using the toxic assets as leverage. This is by balancing their books with the said assets as sales and not as loans, as is common practice in the financial world. The implication was that the firm reflected having more liquid cash in their books, as opposed to having more assets in mortgages as would be expected. This marked a calculated move to defraud every one off their keenness and trust in the firm by

The Usefulness Of Titration And Colorimetric Analysis

The Usefulness Of Titration And Colorimetric Analysis As a child I was reasoned into taking vitamin supplements as they would make me grow tall and strong. Micronutrients like vitamin C are an empirical base to the formula for maintaining a healthy and balanced body, vitamin C for example has proven to be fundamentally responsible for the regeneration of our teeth, bones, teeth and skin. Moreover its unique regenerative properties have made it a key component of several pharmaceutical products that treat disease that were once thought incurable, namely scurvy. Its biological significance adequately highlights the importance given to its estimation, but one must not forget its chemical relevance. Vitamin C has proven its chemical significance both as an antioxidant and a stabiliser for to the vitamin B complex, two applications where the amount of ascorbate is of the upmost importance. As part of a tenth grade science fair project I went about determining the concentration of vitamin C in freshly squeezed orange juice. The means of volum etric analysis I used to determine the concentration of vitamin C was simple acid-base titration. I titrated vitamin C against a known quantity of analyte sodium hydroxide. The results I was left with did not successfully reflect the literature values; in fact I was far off. For years practising chemists have attempted to develop an analytical procedure that is simple to operate, rapid, accurate, sensitive and selective and consequently a large number of procedures have sprouted with diverging capabilities  [1]  . My decision to carry out the following investigation has arisen from the errors present whilst using acid-base titration, as a means of volumetric analysis for vitamin C, and a wish to analyse the varying procedures that have arisen in recent years for vitamin C estimation. I have conducted the following investigation with the following research question in mind: How far do colorimetric readings agree with the results acquired through red-ox titration, a means of volumetric analysis, for the amount, in mg, of ascorbic acid in 100g of 3 different cultivars of Brassica oleracea obtained from a local supermarket? Background Information: Vitamin C Vitamin C or ascorbic acid is a water soluble vitamin that occurs naturally in citrus fruits, leafy vegetables, berries, tomatoes and several other plant sources. It has several beneficial properties that play an imperative role in our bodys internal chemistry and therefore consistent intake of this organic molecule is of the upmost importance. Vitamin Cs primary role involves helping in the production of collagen a key component in connective tissues such the ligaments, tendons, skin, bones, cartilage, and blood vessels. Along with its biological significance, Vitamin Cs unique structure has also made it chemically vital. Note: one could generalise and say that ascorbic acid and vitamin C are synonyms for each other; Vitamin C is in fact an L- enantiomer of ascorbic acid. An enantiomer is a compound whose molecular structure is not super imposable on its mirror image. The L signifies one of two forms of optical isomers, the second being D-form. Such specifications are irrelevant to this extended essay as the physical and chemical properties of two enantiomers of a chiral compound such as ascorbic acid are identical as long as they do not react with other optically active substances. Therefore for the purpose of simplifying this essay I have used the terms Vitamin C and ascorbic acid interchangeably. Vitamin C has an appearance ranging from a whitey to light yellowy powder. A typical molecule of this sugar-acid is composed of 6 carbon, 6 oxygen and 8 hydrogen atoms; this arrangement can be seen below: File:L-Ascorbic acid.svg Figure Ascorbic acid structure  [2]   http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/L-ascorbic-acid-3D-balls.png Figure Ascorbic acid 3-D structure  [3]   Strictly speaking vitamin C is the enolic  [4]  form of 3-oxo-L-gulofuranolactone. Most enols are unstable and therefore are quickly de-protonated to form an enolate ion, shown in the centre of figure 1: http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ascorbic_acidity3.png/500px-Ascorbic_acidity3.png Figure Transfer of electron pairs in ascorbic acid  [5]   Figure Distribution of Electrons in enolate ion  [6]   In the case of vitamin C it can further lose a proton as shown on figure 1 to the adjacent double bond, in turn stabilising the enolate ion. The transfer of electrons between the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups and the existence of two resonance structures for the negative enolate ion are also characteristic of a vinylogous carboxylic acid.  [7]  It is important to note that vitamin C is a reducing agent (electron donor) and has a standard electrode potential of 0.08V. It is also water soluble because of the numerous hydroxyl groups that are found in its structure and can therefore form hydrogen bond with water molecules. Redox reactions For this investigation the effectiveness of colorimetry and titration will be explored by means of redox reactions in acidic media. This family of reactions is fundamentally concerned with the transferral of electrons between the species in a chemical system. Like acid-base reactions this family of reactions is antagonistic in nature, they occur in opposing pairs i.e. every reduction is accompanied by an oxidation reaction and vice versa. A Redox reaction is often characterised by the loss and subsequent gain in oxygen between two species in a system for example: Copper (II) oxide + Hydrogen = Copper + water CuO (s) + H2 (g) = Cu + H2O (g) In this case since copper oxide is losing oxygen, it is being reduced and subsequently one could say hydrogen is being oxidised into water due to the gain of oxygen. Similarly we could suggest that Hydrogen is the reducing agent as it takes oxygen away and copper oxide is the oxidizing agent since it gives away oxygen. Similarly a gain in hydrogen characterises a reduced species and a loss in hydrogen characterises an oxidised species. Yet not all redox reactions will involve oxygen, the reaction between sodium and chloride is redox in nature yet there are no molecules of oxygen involved. This gives a second set of definitions for redox reactions: If a species loses one or more electrons during a reaction it has been oxidised(oxidation), and if it gains electrons it has been reduced(reduction) A species removing electrons is an oxidising agent( species itself is reduced), and if a species donates electrons it is a reducing agent( species itself is oxidised) Note: In several chemical reactions the aforementioned transferral of electrons may never actually happen and because of this reason a more accurate description of oxidation is, an increase in the oxidation number of a species and therefore a reduction is defined as a decrease in the oxidation number of a species.  [8]   Redox reactions can be broken down into half equations to demonstrate the transferral: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Redox_Halves.png Figure Half equations  [9]   Experiment 1 Though colorimetry is being tested here, the principle reaction here is a redox reaction taking place between ascorbic acid and acidified Potassium permanganate. In its oxidised state Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is a purple crystallised structure. Considering it is a very strong oxidising agent, acidified KMnO4 (aq) was used as the oxidising titrant in this red-ox titration. In an acidic environment  [10]  it readily oxidises ascorbic acid consequently being reduced to Manganese (II) ions from its Manganate (VII) oxidised state. Half equation: Through our experimentation it was found that generally speaking the red-ox reaction harbours a decrease in the intensity of the purple inclining me to believe that eventually the solution would become colourless as all Manganate ions would be transformed into Manganese ions. This colour change was detected as an increase in transmittance, for successive concentrations of ascorbic acid by a colorimeter set to 565nm  [11]  . This positive correlation is evident on the trend lines presented on graphs 2 and 3. Yet one must account for the so to say false drops in transmittance. The drop can be explained by the formation of MnO2 particles which give the solution a dark brownish colour: Eventually the MnO2 particles precipitate under the influence of the sulphuric acid, allowing for the trend to continue. This phenomenon is further explained in the appendix. One should also note the fact that MnO4 has a standard electrode potential of 1.51V and considering that vitamin C has a lower one there is sure to be an effective redox reaction. Sulphuric acid Sulphuric plays a more significant role than simply providing the acidic conditions for the relevant redox reactions. Ascorbic acid itself is a weak acid and therefore would undergo a neutralisation reaction if it were in a basic environment (a pH higher than 7). It would thereafter be oxidised and the resulting product dehydroascorbic acid, would undergo a hydrolysis reaction due to the alkalinity of the solution. The ester bonds in Vitamin C would consequently break thus the degradation of vitamin C:  [12]   vitamin C decomposition Figure Degradation of Vitamin C  [13]   Furthermore sulphuric acid helps delay the spontaneous oxidation of ascorbic acid brought about by atmospheric conditions by providing a protective layer. Colorimetry A colorimeter measures the colour intensity of a sample in terms of the red, blue, and green components of light reflected from the solution. The instrument operates on the basis of Beer-Lamberts law  [14]  which states that the absorption of light transmitted through a species is directly proportional to the concentration of that species. Effectively we are measuring what fraction of a beam of light passing through a sample reaches a detector on the other side of the sample. The coloured analyte (species being studied) may absorb photons in the beam of light thus reducing the number of photons in the beam of light leaving the solution. The number of photons detected gives a value of the % transmittance which is the independent variable in this part of the investigation. A calibrated chart for known concentrations of ascorbic acid vs. %Transmittance was made to help identify unknown concentrations of ascorbic acid in different assays with respect to measured %transmittances. Iodometry The redox reaction between iodine and ascorbic acid can be used to calculate the amount of ascorbic acid in the cultivars of Brassica oleracea. The pre-prepared solution was made on the basis of this reaction: KIO3 (aq) + 6 H+ (aq) + 5 I- (aq) â‚ ¬Ã‚  3 I2 (aq) + 3 H2O (l) + K+ (aq) As we can see iodine solution can be acquired through this reaction. The iodine is quickly reduced into its iodide ion in the presence of ascorbic acid. The ascorbic in turn is oxidised into dehydroascorbic acid: Figure oxidation of ascorbic acid  [15]   Once the ascorbic acid has all been oxidised, iodine will remain in excess. As the iodine molecules build up they will react with the iodine ions to form a blue-black complex with the starch, marking the end-point of the titration. These are the relevant redox half equations: I2 + Reduction half reaction for Iodine at a slightly acidic pH Oxidation half reaction for vitamin-C (C6H8O6) at a slightly acidic pH Final redox reaction : C6H8O6(aq) + I2(aq) C6H6O6(aq) + 2 I- (aq) + 2 H+(aq) (ascorbic acid) (dehydroascorbic acid) Preparing potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution: Precisely fill a 1 litre Erlenmeyer flask with 600cm3 (600ml) of distilled water Measure out 4g of crushed potassium permanganate crystals, which are to be added into the Erlenmeyer flask containing the distilled water Swirl the solution until all the KMnO4 has dissolved and an intense purple solution has been formed. Preparing standardised solutions of ascorbate: Pipette 5ml of 1M sulphuric acid into each of the test-tubes Carefully Pour 100 ml of distilled water in each of the test-tubes and seal them with a bung Place all the test-tubes in some form of refrigerated unit to delay the ascorbic acid from being oxidised Calculating calibration chart: Set up your data logging equipment and set your colorimeter so that a a green LED light of wavelength 565nm is transmitted across cuvettes Pipette 3ml of distilled water into a fresh cuvette and calibrate the colorimeter to the transmittance through distilled water is a 100% Pour 30 ml of the pre-prepared potassium permanganate solution into a 200 ml beaker containing 50 ml of distilled water Pipette 3ml of the 30ml KMnO4 (aq) into two fresh cuvettes Place these cuvettes one after another into the colorimeter Measure the transmittances for 12 seconds and record them as trial 1 and 2 for the transmittance for when no ascorbic acid is present Thoroughly clean and dry the 200ml beaker and thereafter carefully pour into it, 30ml of the pre-prepared potassium permanganate solution Remove test-tube 1 (containing 0.009 grams of ascorbic acid) and pour the contents into the 200ml beaker containing KMnO4 (aq) After allowing the acidified red-ox reaction to continue for 5 minutes pipette 3ml of the product twice into two different cuvettes Place the cuvettes one after the other into the colorimeter, set to wavelength 565nm, and record the respective transmittances for test tube 1 as trial 1 and 2 Repeat steps 14-17 for each test-tube thus retaining transmittance values for all the different quantities of ascorbic acid Plot a suitable calibration chart for the average of the two trials of each sample Extracting Vitamin C from cultivars of Brassica oleracea: Collect the necessary apparatus and clean it Set a hot plate to 50 degrees centigrade and place a beaker with 100 ml water and a thermometer on it Measure out 100g of Cabbage and place them in a beaker Once the water has reached 50 degrees remove the beaker of water from the hot plate and switch it with the beaker of leaves Leaves the leaves on the hot plate for 5 minutes to slow down the action of ascorbic acid oxidase Cut the sample of cabbage as much as possible to facilitate the grinding Note: Try to perform neat cuts so as to not release too much ascorbic acid oxidase which would obscure the results Add 5ml (as with the standardised solutions) of sulphuric acid to the leaves, add some sand to help make the grinding of the leaves easier Grind the mixture using a mortar and pester until an homogenate state is achieved ( you may add 10 ml of water to help achieve the homogenate state faster but this could obscure your results considering vitamin C is water soluble and it must be added before adding the acid) The homogenate mixture produced can now be filtered through the Mira cloth into a 200ml measuring beaker as shown in Appendix To attain maximum yield you may squeeze the Mira cloth to squeeze out any remaining fluid into the measuring cylinder, yet ensure that you have precisely 50 ml of the filtered liquid present in the measuring cylinder Note: ensure that 50 ml is present in each of the measuring cylinders regardless of the source Precisely dilute the filtrate to a 100 ml, seal the beaker and refrigerate it Steps 20- 30 will have to repeated for each cultivar so that you will end up with 3 beakers, each with an equal volume of the respective vegetable filtrate solution Analysing cultivars for Vitamin C: Repeat steps 8 and 9 Pour 30ml of the aqueous potassium permanganate into a 200ml beaker Remove the cabbage filtrate from the fridge and pour it into the 200ml beaker containing KMnO4(aq) Allow the reaction to proceed for 5 minutes Pipette 3ml of this mixture twice, into two different cuvettes Place the cuvettes one after another into the colorimeter that had been calibrated Record the transmittance for both cultivar solution for 12 seconds and record the results as trial 1 and 2 Repeat steps 33-38 for each cultivar Carrying out the Red-ox titration Titrate pre-prepared iodine solution against samples of ascorbic acid extracted from each vegetable: Make new samples of cultivar filtrate as outlined by steps 20 31 Add the 100 ml of the cabbage filtrate solution with the unknown concentration of ascorbic acid, to a 150 ml Erlenmeyer flask Carefully Titrate  [16]  the pre-prepared iodine solution  [17]  to this analyte drop by drop until the end point, a bluish-black colour that persists after 30 seconds of swirling, is reached Repeat this experiment at least thrice; to obtain three different measurement that should agree with each other within 0.1 ml average the three results obtained Steps 40 to 44 have to be repeated for every cultivar filtrate Record all your results Table 18 Averages for all trials and final average No of moles of AA present in 100ml of aqueous potassium permanganate Average % transmittance recorded by colorimeter in trial 1 (+/- 0.01%) Average % transmittance recorded by colorimeter in trial 2 (+/- 0.01%) Average % transmittance of trials 1 and 2 -used for calibration chart (+/- 0.01%) Cultivar of Brassica oleracea Average % transmittance recorded by colorimeter in trial 1 Average % transmittance recorded by colorimeter in trial 2 Average % transmittance of trials 1 and 2 used for calibration chart Estimation for Mg of ascorbic acid in 100g of Broccoli: Number of moles = 0.00048 moles Concentration of ascorbic acid = 0.0048 mol dm-3 (L-1) Number of moles = Concentration Volume Number of moles = 0.0048 0.1 = 0.00048 moles Thus both graphs show same data, I shall use transmittance vs. Moles graph from now on as this way it is quicker to calculate the mass of ascorbic acid per 100g of the relevant cultivar of Brassica oleracea. Number of moles = 0.00048 moles Mass = Number of moles Mass of one moles (Mr) Mass = 0.00048 176.12 =0.08454 g/100ml =0.08454 g/100g =84.54mg of AA in 100g of broccoli (+/- 1.04%) Estimation for Mg of ascorbic acid in 100g of Cauliflower: Number of moles = 0.00023 moles Mass = Number of moles Mass of one moles (Mr) Mass = 0.00023 176.12 = 0.04051 g/100ml = 0.04051 g/100g = 40.51mg of AA in 100g of cauliflower (+/- 2.17%) Estimation for Mg of ascorbic acid in 100g of Cabbage: Number of moles = 0.00014 moles Mass = Number of moles Mass of one moles (Mr) Mass = 0.00014 176.12 = 0.02466 g/100ml = 0.02466 g/100g (+/- 3.57%) = 24.66mg of AA in 100g of cabbage Amount of iodine solution titrated into Broccoli cultivar before end-point is reached (+/- 0.05ml) Amount of iodine solution titrated into Cauliflower cultivar before end-point is reached (+/- 0.05ml) Amount of iodine solution titrated into Cabbage cultivar before end-point is reached (+/- 0.05ml) Trial 1 49.00 28.00 21.00 Trial 2 51.00 25.00 16.00 Trial 3 50.00 28.00 20.00 Averages 50.00 27.00 19.00 Facts to bear: Molar ratio of iodine to ascorbic acid is 1:1; ascorbic acid + I2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2 Ià ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ + dehydroascorbic acid Concentration of iodine solution is 0.01 mol L-1 Mr of Ascorbic acid for the purpose of this experiment is rounded to 176.12 g mol-1 It is assumed that 100 ml = 100g End point is where blue colour persists for more than 30 seconds Broccoli: On average 50 ml of iodine was used until end point reached No of moles = Volume concentration No. Of moles of iodine used = 0.050 0.010 = 5.0 10-4moles of iodine solution used Since ratio is iodine to ascorbic acid is 1:1 number of moles of ascorbic acid present in solution is equal to iodine used in titration. Number of moles of ascorbic acid present in 100 ml solution of broccoli juice = 5 10-4moles Mass = Number of moles Mr Mass of ascorbic acid present in 100 ml of broccoli juice solution = 5 10-4moles 176.12 = 0.08806g/ 100ml = 88.06 mg of AA in 100g of broccoli(+/- 0.10%) Cauliflower: On average 27 ml of iodine was used until end point reached No of moles = Volume concentration No. Of moles of iodine used = 0.027 0.010 = 2.7 10-4moles of iodine solution used Mass = Number of moles Mr Mass of ascorbic acid present in 100 ml of cauliflower juice solution = 2.7 10-4moles 176.12 = 0.04755g/ 100ml = 47.55 mg of AA in 100g of cauliflower (+/-0.19%) Cabbage: On average 19 ml of iodine was used until end point reached No of moles = Volume concentration No. Of moles of iodine used = 0.019 0.010 = 1.9 10-4moles of iodine solution used Mass = Number of moles Mr Mass of ascorbic acid present in 100 ml of cabbage juice solution = 1.9 10-4moles 176.12 = 0.03346g/100ml = 33.46 mg of AA in 100g of cabbage (+/-0.26%) Concluding Investigation The point of this investigation was to explore the following research question: How far do colorimetric readings agree with the results acquired through red-ox titration, a means of volumetric analysis, for the amount, in mg, of ascorbic acid in 100g of 3 different cultivars of Brassica oleracea obtained from a local supermarket? Before assessing the proximity of the two sets of results obtained, I have provided a set of literature values to help determine not only the accuracy of each individual experiment but also to eventually determine which of the two procedure delivered more promising results. Value of ascorbate in 100g of raw cabbage: 36.60 mg (20% refuse)  [18]   Value of ascorbate in 100g of raw broccoli: 89.20 mg (39% refuse)  [19]   Value of ascorbate in 100g of raw cauliflower: 48.20 mg (61% refuse)  [20]   Surprisingly the experimental values for both experiments werent too far from the literature values provided above. Through colorimetry means it was found that 24.66 mg of ascorbic acid was to be found in the 100 gram assay of cabbage. As for the results obtained through iodometry it was found that the 100 g sample of cabbage consisted of 33.46mg. From the data collected it is evident that the iodometric means of analysis was more effective in determining ascorbate amount in cabbage as it returned a value that was 91.42% of the literature value whereas the colorimetry means returned a value that was 67.38% of the literature value. More significantly the error percentage concerning the cabbage was relatively lower for the iodometric titration than the error percentage for the Colorimetry based values, +/-0.26% and +/-3.57% respectively. The two aforementioned trends; difference between literature and experimental values and error percentage was similarly evident for both the other cul tivars. Iodometry returned a value of 47.55mg/100g of cauliflower assay with an error percentage of +/- 0.19% and by means of colorimetry a lower value of 40.51mg/100g was obtained with a higher error percentage of +/- 2.17%. Finally the broccoli assay too returned values that fit the aforementioned trend. The experimental values derived through colorimetry suggested a typical 100g assay of broccoli contains 84.54 mg of ascorbate with an error percentage of +/-1.04%. The Iodometric experiment returned a value in close proximity to the literature value; the results suggested that a typical 100g assay of broccoli may contain 88.06mg of ascorbic acid with a minimal error percentage of 0.10%. Through the data provided above one could superficially suggest that the redox titration involving iodine and ascorbic acid has much better served the purpose of determining ascorbic acid quantities in the cultivars of Brassica oleracea than using colorimetry to track the redox reaction between KMnO4 and ascorbic acid. Though this seems to be the case it is important to highlight the factors that could have affected the reliability of both experiments. The following variables were controlled: Source of cultivars Amount of cultivar in each assay Equal amounts of sulphuric acid used in all assays All assays were equally heated The results of two separate redox reaction was being measured in both experiments The means of extracting vitamin C out of the cultivars Yet it was not possible to control all the variables. One should primarily note how vitamin C is not equally displaced throughout a species of vegetable or fruit or any other source. Therefore the conjecture stated above about reliability of both the investigations holds true only if the following is assumed; vitamin C is equally present throughout all the cultivars of Brassica oleracea used. Practically speaking this was not the case as the iodometry experiment was carried out before the colorimetry thus leaving the cultivars more exposed to atmospheric oxidation thus in general there would be less ascorbic acid in the samples of cultivar mixed with KMnO4 than in the samples upon which iodine was titrated on. Furthermore the quantities of refuse with our experiments were inconsistent unlike that of the generalised literature values, though not calculated it was evident that our primitive school based techniques led to much more refuse than the stated amounts of the literature values . This applies foremostly to the cabbage, from which it was the hardest to retain an assay from and thus had a refuse of much higher than 20%. Inconsistent refuses wouldve have meant that the ascorbic acid extracted is not representative of the full 100g assay. One should also take account of the fact that atmospheric oxidation is inconsistent and irregular, because the experiments lasted over days. This could explain the lower values obtained for the longer lasting colorimetry investigation. The length of this investigation means that the sample solutions of vitamin C used to create the calibrated graph were sure to have lost vitamin C, despite being placed in a fridge; this questions the reliability of our calibrated graph and furthermore explains why the first investigation returned lower values of ascorbic acid in the 100g assays. Another problem with the colorimetry experiment was the fact that we used KMnO4 solution, which is generally contaminated with MnO2. The MnO2 as sugge sted earlier on in the investigation leads to false drops therefore leading once again to a questionable calibrated graph which has a general inward inclination thereof giving lower experimental values for ascorbate concentrations. The MnO2 induced drops basically lead to varying readings from the colorimeter which made it difficult to produce an accurate calibrated chart. Furthermore KMnO4 has the tendency to react with contaminants found in water due to its oxidative properties, thereby further discrediting the calibration curve made. Another major uncertainty was my use of iodine for the redox titration, not only did I not control the oxidising agent but iodine is evidently not specific enough to estimate amount of ascorbic acid in vegetable cultivars. This is because there are other reducing agents such as uric acid in broccoli, which interfere with the titer values. Since ascorbic acid is not the only one responsible for reducing iodine to iodide ions the assumed end point is q uestionable. This further suggests the higher values for vitamin C amount found through iodometry and explains why the results are so accurate relative to the literature values. There are several other uncertainties that one could consider such as the errors with the equipment, the loss of vitamin C whilst extracting it from the various cultivars and so forth yet they do not make a difference as both experiments are exposed to these uncertainties and thus in effect they cancel out and can be ignored. We have assessed the flaws in each of the means of analysis and taking all aspects into consideration i find the permanganate and vitamin C redox reaction tracked by a colorimeter a better method. Fitstly because we are not relying on anindicator, permanganate is an indicator itself, and the concentration does not deteriorate if well stopped in amber bottles whereas concentrations of iodine dramatically deteriorate overtime. Furthermore it seems the flaws with this investigation are more technical in nature and can be m